Analytics

CUSTOMER BASE

Most national industrial surveys report the number of enterprises or the number of establishments; some countries provide both. Where not available, estimates of enterprises / establishments are derived in consideration of the level of national income, industrialisation and the size of country.

 

Establishments

Establishments are individual premises such as factories, regardless of whether they are financially independent.

 

Establishments by size (Large / Medium / Small) relate to the number of reported employees. Typically, Small establishments are defined as having < 20 employees; Medium establishments 20-99 employees; and Large establishments have ≥ 100 employees. 

 

Enterprises

Multiple branch establishments located separately, but directed by the same management, comprise an enterprise unit.

Apparent Domestic Market

Business Demographics provides a crude estimation of the Apparent Domestic Market size for selected classifications at the 2-digit level only, where market size is the value of local sales, measured as follows:

            Value of local production less exports plus imports

 

Alignment of trade data (HS codes) and output data may not be exact, particularly for industrial activities which are predominantly processes and do not result in tradable manufacturing outputs. Some industry classifications are also excluded. Also problematical in comparing trade and output data are the not uncommon bilateral asymmetries in trade data (both in goods and services). These trade asymmetries occur when the reported exports from country A to country B do not match the reported imports to country B from country A.

 

Industry Profitability

Net Operating Surplus in national accounts is conceptually similar to corporate profits (or net income) but excludes non-production income such as realised capital gains, property income, etc. The available data can thus be used to estimate Industry Profitability for selected ISIC classifications.

 

Value added = Employee Compensation + Taxes less Subsidies on Production + Gross operating surplus

 

Gross operating surplus = Net operating surplus (Corporate Profit) + Consumption of fixed capital

 

Hence, Total Value Added is closely approximated by the compensation of employees + earnings before taxes. Hence, an estimate of pre-tax industry profitability can be calculated as follows:

 

            Industry profitability = Value Added less Wages & Salaries

Output

The value of output includes: (a) product sales; (b) changes in product inventory; (c) the value of industrial work done for other entities; (d) appreciation in the value of goods received and then shipped for a higher price; and (e) fixed assets produced for own use. Gross output equals census output plus revenue from non-industrial activities. Output values are usually reported at producer prices or factor cost:

 

1.      factor cost = the sum of the value of the factors of production, principally land, labour and capital

2.      producer price = selling price received by the manufacturer (wholesale price)

 

Value Added

Value added is the value of output, less the value of inputs used in the production process. These inputs may include: utilities, components and raw materials or contracted repair and maintenance services. As with the Output valuation, Value Added can be at either factor cost or producer prices.

 

Application of Value Added indicator: The Value Add of an industry reflects the importance of that industry to overall GDP and allows the comparison of different types of industries across markets.

 

Manufacturing Intensity

The manufacturing intensity ratio, calculated by dividing manufacturing value-added by manufacturing revenues, gives a sense of how much transformation takes place within an industry and what proportion of value is added. In industries where relatively significant capital and labour is applied, the manufacturing intensity ratio is relatively high. It is relatively low where smaller amounts of capital and labour are needed to produce the final output.

Employees (or Persons Engaged)

The term ‘Employees’ refers to the average number of persons who worked for an establishment or enterprise in a given year. It excludes working proprietors, unpaid family members and active business partners. The term ‘Persons Engaged’ includes all workers. The ‘Employee’ definition is used most commonly.

 

Wages & Salaries

Wages & Salaries includes all remuneration provided to Employees, including direct payment, bonuses, housing allowances, payment in kind, etc. ‘Compensation’ additionally includes employers’ contributions to workers’ social security, pension funds, etc., which can be significant proportion of Wages & Salaries in some countries (e.g. China). The ‘Wages & Salaries’ definition is invariably used. 

Gross Fixed Capital Formation

Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) typically refers to the value of fixed assets acquired in a year (including work done on own account) less the corresponding value of any asset disposal. The assets should have a productive life of at least a year and can include major additions or improvements to existing assets. Fixed assets include:

(1)   machinery and equipment, including ICT and transport equipment;

(2)   land purchase or improvement;

(3)   buildings; and

(4)   intellectual property (e.g. software, databases)

 

Acquired assets are valued at purchasers’ prices and include the cost of installation.

Exports

Total exports include all goods leaving a territory (through customs) for a foreign destination. Total Exports can be either exports of domestic goods or exports of foreign goods, the latter is generally referred to as re-exports.

 

Total Exports = Domestic Exports + Re-exports (Foreign Exports)

 

Domestic merchandise exports consist of all goods produced, extracted or manufactured in a country. Exports of imported merchandise which has been substantially enhanced in value are included.

 

Re-exports refer to the export of goods that have previously entered the country and are leaving in much same condition as when first imported. Exports of imported merchandise which has been minimally processed but not substantially enhanced in value are also considered re-exports.

 

Imports

Total imports include all goods which have entered a territory by crossing customs boundaries, whether for immediate domestic consumption or for storage in customs bonded warehouses.

 

This includes re-imports. This refers to goods re-entering a country after having been exported abroad without having been materially altered or substantially enhanced in value while abroad.

 

Generally, values for Imports are recorded as a CIF value, and values for Exports as a FOB value. CIF values include the transaction value of the goods, the value of services performed to deliver goods to the border of the exporting country and the value of the services performed to deliver the goods from the border of the exporting country to the border of the importing country. FOB values include the transaction value of the goods and the value of services performed to deliver goods to the border of the exporting country.

Manufacturing Value Added

The value added, in current US$ terms, of all manufacturing activities.

 

Manufacturing Value Added as a % GDP

Manufacturing Value Added as a percentage of gross domestic product measures the importance of the manufacturing sector to the overall economy and how it has been changing over time.

 

Real Manufacturing Growth

Measured in local currency and constant prices, real manufacturing growth reveals how the real value added of manufacturing activities has improved.

The data are projected out five years. Projections are not predictions or forecasts about what is going to occur year by year. They indicate what would happen if the trends and assumptions that underpin the projection actually happen. Some data series are stable (e.g. number of establishments), others are more volatile. Value Added and GFCF for example are sensitive to fluctuations in input costs (e.g. commodity process) and risk perceptions, respectively. 

 

For most data series however, the projections yield high R2 trend line values; the methodology used selects the best regression type and time series for each ISIC code.

 

The models used for projections:

 

·         Are based on internally developed country databases

·         Use recognized statistical methods and processes

·         Can be explained to users

·         Are continuously improved as more data become available


 Glossary of Terms

  • Gross Value added
    Gross value added is the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption; it is also a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or sector.
  • Net value added
    Net value added is the value of output less the values of both intermediate consumption and consumption of fixed capital.
  • Value added - basic prices
    Value added - basic prices – refers to output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers' prices. Income and expenditure classified as financial or extra-ordinary in company accounts is excluded. Value added at basic prices is calculated "gross" because value adjustments (such as depreciation) are not subtracted.
  • Basic price
    The basic price is the amount received by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a good produced (minus any tax payable, and plus any subsidy receivable, on that unit as a consequence of its production or sale); it excludes transport charges invoiced separately by the producer.
  • Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)
    Gross fixed capital formation consists of producers' acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of the producer.
  • Consumption of fixed capital
    Consumption of fixed capital is the decline, in an accounting period, in the current value of the stock of fixed assets owned and used by a producer as a result of physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or accidental damage.
  • Net fixed capital formation
    Net fixed capital formation consists of gross fixed capital formation less consumption of fixed capital.

 Data Sources and Quality

Data sources

The data series are sourced from a variety of national sources, most usually industrial censuses conducted by national statistics authorities. International sources from a range of agencies are also used to validate the industrial landscape and the dynamics within it. 

Most countries report annually; some only every five years, or less frequently. All data are projected to include the previous calendar year. For some countries, this may involve estimates based on a few number of trend data points.  

While most countries report all main data series (e.g. Value Added, GFCF), some do not. Also, some countries do not report beyond the ISIC 2-digit level (see below for example). Where this is the case, reasonable estimates are made for the missing data points.


 Chemicals   ISIC Codes
   20    
 Basic chemicals, fertilizers, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary form   201   
 Basic chemicals     2011
 Fertilizers and nitrogen compounds     2012

Most nations adapt the ISIC classifications to better reflect their own industry structure; some categories may be aggregated while others provided in more detail—especially where an industry is economically important or a specialisation. Some countries provide 6-digit level data, but for comparative purposes these data have not been included in the databases.

 

For the smaller economies with fewer establishments/enterprises for certain industry classifications, specific 3/4-digit codes may be unreported because the data would identify company-specify information. In this instance, the value may be either estimated or indicated as ‘…’.

 

Wherever possible, the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4 is used. For countries that still use earlier revisions (e.g. Sri Lanka uses Revision 3) or national industrial classifications (e.g. the Korea Standard Industrial Classification or KSIC), every effort has been made to establish reasonable correspondences for these codes to best approximate ISIC Rev 4 codes. Similarly, a correspondence for The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (of the World Customs Organization), also known more simply as the Harmonized System (HS), and ISIC has been developed. The relationship between ISIC and HS product classifications is most difficult where outputs do not enter international trade to a large degree (e.g. raw and processed agricultural products).

 

Countries may have different coverage in their industrial surveys. Some include all establishments regardless of size, others only include establishments of a minimum size (e.g. more than 20 employees and/or a certain revenue).

 

To aid country comparisons and facilitate a pan-Asia Pacific perspective, local currency value data for Market Size, Output, Value Added, Salaries & Wages and GFCF are converted to US$ at annual average exchange rates. Exchange rates used for trade data usually relate to the date of exportation to importation (Customs declaration) whereas Output and Value Added data are converted at annual average exchange rates. 

Occasionally, there are unexplained discontinuities in data series, perhaps because national assessment methodologies have changed. Some national data also contain internal inconsistencies which are reconciled where possible.

 

 Country Footnotes

Australia AUSTRALIA

Original census scope
All enterprises and establishments.

Census data issues
Australia uses its own industrial classification system (ANZSIC 2006) and correspondence with ISIC Rev 4 is inexact. Some product categories, e.g. Musical Instruments are included under categories such as Other Manufacturing. (Presumably, there are a number of musical instrument makers of native musical instruments such as the Didgeridoo.) Australia is a relatively small manufacturing nation with only a few firms operating in some product areas. Consequently some 4-digit data points are “not available for publication”. All values are for Australia’s financial year, ending 30th June.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Counts of Businesses are based on snapshots of actively trading businesses.
  • Enterprises
    The enterprise is an institutional unit comprising: a single legal entity or business entity, or more than one legal entity or business entity within the same enterprise group and in the same institutional subsector (i.e. they are all classified to a single Standard Institutional Sector Classification of Australia (SISCA) subsector).
  • Output
    Prior to 2011, only 2-digit data are available. Sales and Service Income includes rent, leasing and hiring income.
  • Persons Engaged
    Employment includes working proprietors and partners of unincorporated businesses.
  • Wages and Salaries
    Includes capitalised wages, salary sacrificed earnings and other remuneration; excludes the drawings of working proprietors.

Original census scope
Establishments with 10 or more persons.

Census data issues
Census data available for 2006 and 2011 only.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Units engaged in the physical/chemical transformation of materials, substances or components into new products. The units primarily engaged in maintenance and repair of industrial, commercial and similar machinery and equipment, which were, in general, classified in the same class of manufacturing as those specializing in manufacturing the goods are also included.
  • Enterprises
    Not enumerated; estimated by Business Demographics.
  • Persons Engaged
    The total number of persons who work in or for the establishment, including working proprietors, partners and unpaid family workers. Persons on short term leave, either because of illness or vacation, are also included.
  • Wages and Salaries
    Include all cash payments (monthly salary + house rent + medical allowance + other allowances) made during the year in case as compensation for work done but does not include other cash and non-cash benefits.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Defined as initial value of fixed assets, plus addition & alteration, and less than transfer and depreciation. Fixed assets consist of land, buildings, other construction, machinery and equipment, transport etc.

Original census scope
All enterprises.

Census data issues
Latest year data are for the 2-digit level only.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Not enumerated in the census survey. Business Demographic estimates are made based on the numbers of enterprises.
  • Value Added
    Estimated based on the value of Revenue less Operating Expenditure where Operating Expenditure consists of the purchase of goods, rental of premises, rental and maintenance of machinery and equipment, electricity and water, telecommunication, other professional services such as legal, and other general expenses, excluding payments made to employees.
  • Output
    Estimated using “Revenue” as proxy, namely business activities such as sales of goods, rendering of services, value of work done, rental income from buildings/structures and machinery & equipment and other operating revenue.
  • Employees
    Coverage is for “number of persons engaged” including working proprietors and partners and unpaid family workers.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Not enumerated in the census survey. Business Demographic estimates are used.

Original census scope
The original Census covered all establishments; latest survey conducted in March 2011.

Census data issues
Value added and GFCF data are not compiled. Only one enterprise census has occurred within the past decade; estimates rely heavily on the experiences of similar economies.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    An establishment refers to a unit of the place where economic activities are performed and fulfill the following: (1) An establishment is a unit of place which occupies a certain space (1 plot) in which economic activities are performed under a single management; (2) an establishment has person(s) engaged and equipment, and produces and/or sells goods, or provides services on a continuous basis. Establishments may include those owned by individual proprietors (not registered) or sole proprietors (with registration).
  • Enterprises
    An enterprise is a single unit establishment or a group of establishments whose ownership / legal status falls into one of the following categories: General Partnership, Limited Partnership, Private Limited Company, Public Limited Company or Subsidiary of a Foreign Company.
  • Value Added
    Not directly estimated in the Cambodian Census 2011, this is a weakness of the Census project. (Estimated via ratios from similarly developed markets.)
  • Output
    Estimated using “Revenue” as proxy, namely business activities such as sales of goods, rendering of services, value of work done, rental income from buildings/structures and machinery & equipment and other operating revenue.
  • Employees
    Included are all the persons who are hired by this establishment and earn salaries or wages even if dispatched to other establishments. Individual proprietors or sole proprietors are counted as persons engaged, but chairmen/ executives who are in a position of employing the workers are excluded.

Original census scope
From 2012, all enterprises with operating revenue > Rmb20m. Before 2011, the census included all state-owned and private-owned enterprises with operating revenue > Rmb5m.

Census data issues
National Bureau of Statistics stopped releasing value added by industry from 2008 and wages and salaries from 2013. Where missing, these values are estimated.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments & Enterprises
    Data on Establishments and Enterprises refer to all such establishments and enterprises. Other variables follow the current census scope (i.e. operating revenue >Rmb20m). This criterion was amended in 2011 causing a data discontinuity.
  • Value Added
    Value added excludes net change between the beginning and end of the year in the stocks of fuels and materials and supplies.
  • Output
    Sales revenue is used as proxy, and refers to the revenue from the sales of products by industrial enterprises and the revenue from services provided.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    The net value of fixed assets is used as proxy, obtained by deducting depreciation over years from the original value of fixed assets. Excludes intellectual property products such as products of R&D, computer software, databases, etc.

Original census scope
All privately owned establishments.

Census data issues
Reflecting a shrinking manufacturing base, progressive aggregation of industry data by the Hong Kong government has made necessary assumptions regarding 4-digit and some 3-digit industry shares.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Ideally, an economic unit that engages in one or mainly one kind of economic activity at a single physical location. Where separate figures relating to different activities or different locations under the same management are not available, a combined return is accepted and in this case, the reporting unit is treated as an establishment.
  • Value Added
    An unduplicated measure of an industry's output in which the values of the goods and services used in production are deducted from the gross value of output.
  • Output
    The sales of goods, industrial work and industrial services, which equates to the value of all sales of goods produced + value of machinery produced for own use + value of resale of goods in same condition as purchased + receipts for industrial work and industrial services rendered to other establishments.
  • Employees
    Includes proprietors, active partners and unpaid family workers.
  • Wages and Salaries
    Wages and salaries (including share-based payments) + payments in kind and employer’s social security expenditure plus payments to outworkers.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Acquisitions of fixed assets minus the proceeds from disposal of fixed assets (e.g. land and buildings, plant and machinery.

Original census scope
All registered establishments. The reference period is the Indian financial year (April-March).

Census data issues
India’s National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2008 is based on ISIC Revision 4. The Census covers all factories defined as having 10 or more workers involved in a manufacturing process which uses power, or 20 or more workers not using power.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    The Census covers all factories defined as having 10 or more workers involved in a manufacturing process which uses power, or 20 or more workers not using power.
  • Enterprises
    Not covered in survey; estimated by Business Demographics.
  • Output
    Total Output comprises total ex-factory value of products and by-products manufactured as well as other receipts such as receipts from non-industrial services rendered to others, work done for others on material supplied by them, value of electricity produced and sold, sale value of goods sold in the same condition as purchased, addition in stock of semi- finished goods and own construction.
  • Value Added
    Gross value added (GVA) is the difference between total output and total input.
  • Employees
    Total Persons Engaged include working proprietors and family members actively engaged in work even without any pay, and the unpaid members of the co-operative societies who worked in or for the factory in any direct and productive capacity. The number of workers is an average number obtained by dividing man days worked by the number of days the factory had worked during the reference year.
  • Wages and Salaries
    Refers to monetary compensation of employees.

Original census scope
All enterprises and establishments.

Census data issues
Original data for main variables was for establishments with 20 or more employees. This scope has been expanded to include all establishments, including small and micro as defined. The classification adopted, ISIC Rev4, was modified according to the local conditions in Indonesia (named KLASIFIKASI BAKU LAPANGAN USAHA INDONESIA or KBLI 2009). Survey response rate was 50.5% in 2015 and estimation for non-response was necessary. There are two main types of non-response: (1) non response of previously surveyed companies existing and non-response of new companies. Estimates for (1) used information obtained from the growth productivity (value added per labour). Other variables were estimated using the ratio relative to output obtained from respondents in the same ISIC. Estimates for (2) used ratios from responding establishments in the same 5-digit ISIC or 3-digit ISIC.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Micro establishments with only one person engaged (typically a family member) have been excluded.

Original census scope
Data coverage for establishments with 4 or more employees, except for GFCF, in which only data for establishments with 30 or employees are displayed.

Census data issues
The original census data follows the Japan Standard Industrial Classification system (JSIC) which differs from ISIC Rev4. To reconcile the difference JSIC data has been converted to the ISIC coding.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Defined as a factories, works or plants, mainly engaged in the manufacture or processing of industrial products at a single location.
  • Enterprises
    An enterprise is a single unit establishment or a group of establishments whose ownership / legal status falls into one of the following categories: General Partnership, Limited Partnership, Private Limited Company, Public Limited Company or Subsidiary of a Foreign Company.
  • Value Added
    For establishments with 30 or more employees, value added = value of manufactured goods shipments + (value of inventories at the end of the year - value of inventories at the beginning of the year) + (value of semi-manufactured goods and work-in-progress at the end of the year - value of semi-manufactured goods and work-in-progress at the beginning of the year) - (internal tax on consumption + estimated consumption tax) - cost of raw materials, fuels and electricity consumed, and subcontracting expenses for consigned production – depreciation. For smaller establishments a simpler formula is used: gross value added = value of manufactured goods shipments - (internal tax on consumption + estimated general consumption tax) - cost of raw materials, fuels and electricity consumed, and subcontracting expenses for consigned production.
  • Output
    The value of production = value of manufactured goods shipments + receipts for production done for others + (value of manufactured goods inventory at the end of the year - value of manufactured goods inventory at the beginning of the year) + (value of semi-manufactured goods and work-in-progress at the end of the year - value of semi-manufactured goods and work-in-progress at the beginning of the year). For smaller establishments a simpler formula is used. For establishments with 29 or fewer employees, the value of production = value of manufactured goods shipments + receipts for production done for others.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Value of investment in tangible fixed assets (for establishments with 30 or more employees). This equals the value of acquired tangible fixed assets, including: a. land, b. buildings and structures, c. machinery and equipment and d. vessels, rolling stock, vehicles, tools, apparatuses, fixtures and furniture with a durable life of a year or longer, etc.
  • Wages and Salaries
    Defined as basic wages and allowances (e.g. year-end bonus) paid to employees. Other allowances include retirement allowances and discharged allowances for employees, payments to workers dispatched from other companies, wages for temporary workers, and payments to workers dispatched to other companies, etc.
  • Employees
    The total number of sole proprietors and unpaid family workers and regular full or part time workers. It excludes temporary workers (persons who are employed on agreements shorter than a month).

Original census scope
All business entities.

Census data issues
Only two economic censuses were conducted in recent years (2006, 2013) including total manufacturing establishments and persons engaged; estimates rely on ratios derived from the experiences of similar economies.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Enterprises
    Census in 2006 revealed that 24,184 out of 24,331 establishments were single unit establishments. Therefore, more than 99% of establishments were enterprises.
  • Employees
    Persons engaged.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    GFCF is calculated based on the ratio of census GFCF in proxy countries to Laos overall GFCF as reported in National Accounts.

Original census scope
All registered manufacturing establishments classified as such under Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification (MSIC) 20081 Version 1.0, which is based on ISIC Revision 4.

Census data issues
DOSM reports that no more establishment data will be published (last year: 2012).

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Defined as “economic units engaged in one activity, under a single legal entity and operating in a single physical location”. In the case of multi-activity entities, units engaged in separate activities in the same location constituted distinct establishments.
  • Enterprises
    Not enumerated in the survey (estimated by Business Demographics).
  • Output
    Value of gross output = the Value of Sales, plus Capital Expenditure on own construction, Income from industrial services rendered to others, Receipts from scrap, electricity, waste product, etc. sold to others, Receipts from commission and brokerage earned, All other output (such as receipt from non-industrial services, e.g. management fees received, income from rental of property, etc.), Net Closing stocks of finished goods (own manufactured), Net Closing stocks of goods-in-process.
  • Employees
    Number of Persons Engaged includes (a) full-time and part-time employees; (b) permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees, (c) salaried and hourly workers, (d) employees on paid short-term leave such as sick leave or annual leave and vacation leave. Excludes: (a) proprietors and partners of unincorporated businesses; (b) unpaid family workers; (c) employees on strike and employees on leave without pay.
  • Wages and Salaries
    All payments made including: (a) Bonuses, cost-of-living allowances and wages paid during periods of vacation and sick leave; (b) Taxes, social security contributions, Employee Provident Fund, group’s insurance premiums and the like, payable by the employee but deducted by the employer.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    “Value of Fixed Assets” covers all goods, new or used, tangible or intangible, which have a normal economics life span of more than one year (land, buildings, machinery and equipment, etc.). The value reported is as at the end of the reference year. It includes additions during the year and excludes assets disposed of during the year. It is net of depreciation. “Capital Expenditure” is the value of purchases and own-account construction of fixed assets. Additions, alterations and improvements to existing assets that extend their normal economic life or raise productivity are also included.

Original census scope
All registered establishments.

Census data issues
4-digit data are largely missing and are estimated from the 3-digit data.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Wages and Salaries
    Wages salaries excludes housing and family allowances paid directly by the employer.

Original census scope
All establishments with at least one hired worker (i.e. it excludes own-account and family-run businesses). Public-sector or government-owned enterprises were excluded.

Census data issues
Only one useful business census has been conducted in recent years. This was in late 2015 under the auspices of UNDP and was at the MSIC 2-digit code level.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Includes single unit establishments, head establishments, branches, etc.
  • Enterprises
    A Business Census in 2013-2014 revealed only 185 firms in the country with more than one establishment, a very low level of expansion of domestic firms. (Note: there may be firms that belong to the same owner, but these would operate under different institutional arrangements). This equivalent to 0.6% of all establishments.
  • Value Added
    Value added is calculated as income/turnover from productive activities plus increases in inventories minus expenditure on (intermediate) goods and services.
  • Output
    Manufacturing output is calculated as income/turnover from manufacturing activities plus increases in inventories of goods manufactured by the business.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Change in assets during reference year (acquisitions minus disposals) is reported as a proxy of GFCF.

Original census scope
All enterprises and establishments.

Census data issues
Only 2-digit census data are available for Output, Value Added and GFCF. National Accounts (Industry Production and Investment) is used as proxy for Salaries & Wages, Output, Value Added and GFCF.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    “Geographic Unit”: a separate operating unit engaged in one, or predominately one, kind of economic activity from a single physical location or base. Based on “Region data.”
  • Enterprises
    A business or service entity operating in New Zealand; It can be a company, partnership, trust, estate, incorporated society, producer board, local or central government organisation, voluntary organisation or self-employed individual. The number of distinct enterprises that are operating within the given area, this means that when an enterprise is operating in two or more locations within an area, only one unit is contributed to the number of enterprises.
  • Persons Engaged
    This is a head-count of all salary and wage earners for the February reference month.

Original census scope
Establishments employing 10 or more employees, whether registered with labour departments or eligible for registration.

Census data issues
Infrequent census sampling; missing intervening years estimated. Fiscal year ending 30 June of the year indicated.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Originally, establishments employing 10 or more employees, whether registered with labour departments or eligible for registration.
  • Value Added
    Contribution to GDP or gross value added (GVA) as measured in the National Accounts equals census value added plus non-industrial receipts minus non-industrial cost. The concept of National Accounts is ideally represented by the contribution of the establishments in activity to the GDP of the economy. For total value added, the cost of non-industrial services is deducted from and the receipts for non-industrial services are added to census value added. The estimates, whether in terms of census value added or total value added, are gross of depreciation and other provisions for capital consumption, unless otherwise stated. The valuation may be in factor values, at basic prices, at producers' prices or at market prices, depending on the treatment of indirect taxes and subsidies.
  • Output
    The value of production consists of the value of finished products and by-products, receipts for work done for others, receipts for repairs and maintenance, value of sale of semi-finished products and by-products, wastes and used goods, value of electricity sold, value of sales of goods purchased for resale, the net increase in the value of work in process and the value of fixed assets produced by the establishment for its own final use (investment).
  • Persons Engaged
    Average daily persons employed include employees, working proprietors and unpaid family workers.
  • Wages and Salaries
    Employment cost includes wages and salaries paid plus cash and non-cash benefits.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Fixed investment measures the additions of fixed assets to the physical capacity to produce goods and services. Cost of land does not become part of GFCF since at national level, the sale of land by one economic entity would be offset by a purchase of same by another economic entity.

Original census scope
The survey was confined to the formal sector of the economy: corporations and partnerships, cooperatives and foundations, single proprietorship with employment of 10 and over, and single proprietorships with branches.

Census data issues
Some minor deviations from ISIC Rev 4, which needed to be reconciled.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    An economic unit under a single ownership control, i.e., under a single entity, engaged in one or predominantly one kind of economic activity at a single fixed location.
  • Enterprises
    Enterprise is not available and has been estimated form establishment data.
  • Output
    The sum of the sale of products and by-products; income from industrial services provided for other entities, sale of goods less cost of goods sold, fixed assets produced on own account, and change in inventories of finished products and work-in-progress.
  • Employees
    Paid employees. These are all full-time and part-time employees working in or for the establishment and receiving pay. Excluded are directors paid solely for their attendance at meetings, consultants, workers on indefinite leave, working owners who do not receive regular pay, homeworkers, workers receiving pure commissions only and workers not in the payroll of this establishment.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Proxy used is Gross Addition to Tangible Fixed Assets = capital expenditures less sale of fixed assets, including land.

Original census scope
All establishments

Census data issues
Some 4-digit data are supressed due to the small number of businesses in these industries. Where this is the case these data points may be estimated.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Enterprises
    Not included in the census, estimated.
  • Output
    Refers to the total value of goods and services derived from a production process and ancillary activities such as management or marketing and as such, includes manufacturing output and other operating income.
  • Value Added
    The difference between total output and the total operating costs.
  • Employees
    Includes all persons engaged by the establishment as at end of June, including both employees and self-employed.
  • Wages and Salaries
    XXXXXX
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Capital expenditure covers all expenditure on capital assets, which comprise two main types: (1) land/building/structure; and (2) transport equipment/machinery/office equipment.

Original census scope
The original census sample frame includes establishments with at least 10 employees according to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification (KSIC) which conforms closely with ISIC (Revision 4).

Census data issues
Data from two separate sources—census and survey—were used to compile the data.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    An enterprise, or part of an enterprise, that is situated in a single location and in which principal productive activity is carried out independently.
  • Wages and Salaries
    Compensations received by the worker for the labour and services rendered. It is comprised of regular wages, overtime pay and special pay.

Original census scope
Establishments with 25 or more persons engaged.

Census data issues
Data prior to 2007 use different basis for measurement and have been estimated by Business Demographics. Moreover, data prior to 2009 is likely to have been effected by the armed conflict between the Sri Lankan government and LTTE in the North and East of the country. Data on industries with fewer than 3 establishments are withheld. Sri Lanka is still using ISIC Rev3 which required conversion. Being a small economy, with the data set for establishments of 25 or more employees, there were many missing data points for reasons of company data security.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Defined as a unit engaged in single or related activity in one location under a single ownership or control. However, industrial enterprises, which are engaged in production of more than one related activity in one location or one activity in several locations, were treated as one unit of enumeration whenever no separate records are available.
  • Output
    The value of output is obtained from the value of shipments and other receipts of industrial services adjusted for changes in the values of stocks of finished goods during the reference period.
  • Employees
    Persons Engaged is defined as the total number of persons who work in or for the establishment, including working proprietors, active partners, contributing family workers, operatives and all other employees.
  • Wages and Salaries
    All payments whether in cash or in kind made by the employers during the year, including (a) regular and overtime cash payments houses and cost of living allowances; (b) wages and salaries paid during vacation sick leaves; (c) taxes and social insurance contribution; (d) payments in kind.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Gross additions to fixed assets during the year is defined as the total of the costs of new and used fixed assets acquired during the year and alterations, renovations and improvements, cost of own account work less the value of sales of used fixed assets. Valuation of fixed assets acquired from others is at the delivered price plus cost of installation and any fees and taxes. Valuation of fixed assets produced own account had to be valued with imputation for own labour and materials used and an allocation for overhead costs.

Original census scope
All enterprises and establishments.

Census data issues
Thailand conducts industrial censuses infrequently and estimates have been made for the intervening years. Historical data used ISIC Rev3 ISIC classification, which has been converted to Rev4 to make comparable. Conversion from original Thailand Standard Industrial Classification was required.

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Establishments with only one person engaged (may include family member) have been excluded.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    GFCF for earlier years is estimated as follows: change in value of stocks - value of disposal of fixed assets - ownership transfer fee). Change in value of stocks is the difference between the value of stocks at the end of the year and at the beginning of the year 2006.

Original census scope
All registered enterprises operating at end year, excluding units that do not independently keep business account such as branches, dependent economic units and other non-economic bodies.

Census data issues
Only 2-digit data are available for Output (Turnover).

Significant variations from standard definitions
  • Establishments
    Vietnam does not compile data based on establishments. These are estimated by Business Demographics based on available data from similar countries.
  • Enterprises
    Enterprises are “economic units” that independently keep business accounts and have legal status under Vietnam’s Enterprise Law or Foreign Investment Law. These include registered enterprises only. Economic units that do not independently keep business account, such as branches, are excluded.
  • Output
    Output is represented by Net Turnover. Net Turnover of an enterprise is the total income gained from selling products or services after subtracting taxes (e.g. sales tax, export tax, value added tax) and other deductions (e.g. discounting, returned goods). Net turnover does not include proceeds of assets sales, etc.
  • Employees
    Employees include persons paid wages or a salary. Employees exclude unpaid workers such as apprentices. For private enterprises, members of the proprietor’s household who help manage or directly works for the enterprise, but do not get a salary or wage (their income is derived from business profits), are also considered employees.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation
    Fixed assets and long-term investment is total remaining values of fixed assets, value of under construction project, amount of paying security, amount of long-term consigning and other long-term financial investment amount of the enterprise.